While fossil fuels still provide about 80 percent of world’s energy, a transition to renewable energy is well underway. However, the transition needs to be accelerated to meet climate goals. Energy taxes and subsidy reform are two key economic tools to speed this transition. A focus on demand-side energy management is also important, using pricing, informational, and behavioral approaches.  Further, additional investment is needed to address energy poverty in low-income countries. Other issues discussed in the module include: the availability of energy supplies, the externalities of different energy sources, energy forecasts, and the potential for carbon-neutral energy systems.