Ephedra

Ephedra is also known as Ma Huang in Traditional Chinese Medicine and is used to treat respiratory problems, headaches, edema, and as a diuretic. Today, ephedra is commonly used for weight loss, athletic performance, and to enhance energy.

Ephedra contains several alkaloids including ephedrine (30-90%), pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are both non-selective alpha and beta-receptor agonists and can directly and indirectly stimulate the central nervous system. Ephedrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction; it also relaxes smooth muscle and causes bronchodilation. 

Trials of ephedrine or ephedrine/caffeine combinations for weight loss have shown significant results however, case reports and clinical trial have also shown significant adverse effects. In high doses, ephedra can cause tachyarrhythmias, hypertension, psychosis, and even death. Typical doses may lead to tachycardia, hypertension, insomnia, jitteriness and decreased appetite, dizziness, anxiety, insomnia, headache, and increased blood pressure. Based on numerous adverse reports of toxicity, the FDA implemented restrictions on the sale of ephedra in weight loss and sports enhancement products.

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