Scientific Diving Safety Manual

Purpose

The purpose of these Scientific Diving Standards is to ensure scientific diving under the auspices of Boston University (BU), an Organizational Member (OM) of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS), is conducted in a manner that will maximize the protection of scientific divers from accidental injury and/or illness, and to set forth standards for training and certification that will allow a working reciprocity between Organizational Members (OMs or OM). Fulfillment of these purposes shall be consistent with the furtherance of research and safety, and facilitation of collaborative opportunities between AAUS OMs.

This Manual sets minimum standards for the establishment of American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) recognized scientific diving programs, the organization for the conduct of these programs, and the basic regulations and procedures for safety in scientific diving operations. It also establishes a framework for reciprocity between AAUS OMs that adhere to these minimum standards.

All scientific diving conducted under the auspices of BU (Section 1.20) shall comply with the standards set forth in this Manual.

Historical Perspective

This Boston University Scientific Diving Manual is based on AAUS guidance that was developed and written by compiling the policies set forth in the diving manuals of several university, private, and governmental scientific diving programs. These programs share a common heritage with the scientific diving program at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). Adherence to the SIO standards has proven both feasible and effective in protecting the health and safety of scientific divers since 1954.

In 1982, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) exempted scientific diving from commercial diving regulations (29CFR1910, Subpart T) under certain conditions that are outlined below. The final guidelines for the exemption became effective in 1985 (Federal Register, Vol. 50, No.6, p.1046). AAUS is recognized by OSHA as the scientific diving standard setting organization.

This Manual is based on the December 2018 AAUS Standards for Scientific Diving incorporating minor modifications specific to BU and is filed with AAUS.

Scientific Diving Definition

Scientific diving is defined (29CFR1910.402) as: “Diving performed solely as a necessary part of a scientific, research, or educational activity by employees whose sole purpose for diving is to perform scientific research tasks. Scientific diving does not include performing any tasks usually associated with commercial diving such as: Placing or removing heavy objects underwater; inspection of pipelines and similar objects; construction; demolition; cutting or welding; or the use of explosives.”

Scientific Diving Exemption

The two elements that a diving program must contain as defined by OSHA in 29 CFR 1910 Subpart T 1910.401(a)(2)(iv) are:

1. Diving Safety Manual which includes at a minimum: Procedures covering all diving operations specific to the program; procedures for emergency care, including recompression and evacuation; and criteria for diver training and certification.
2. Diving Control (safety) Board, with the majority of its members being active divers, which must at a minimum have the authority to: Approve and monitor diving projects; review and revise the diving safety manual; assure compliance with the manual; certify the depths to which a diver has been trained; take disciplinary action for unsafe practices; and, assure adherence to the buddy system (a diver is accompanied by and is in continuous contact with another diver in the water) for SCUBA diving.

OSHA has granted an exemption for scientific diving from commercial diving regulations under the following guidelines (Appendix B to 29 CFR 1910 Subpart T):

• The Diving Control Board consists of a majority of active scientific divers and has autonomous and absolute authority over the scientific diving program’s operation.
• The purpose of the project using scientific diving is the advancement of science; therefore, information and data resulting from the project are non-proprietary.
• The tasks of a scientific diver are those of an observer and data gatherer. Construction and trouble-shooting tasks traditionally associated with commercial diving are not included within scientific diving.
• Scientific divers, based on the nature of their activities, must use scientific expertise in studying the underwater environment and therefore, are scientists or scientists-in-training.

Recommendations for Changes to AAUS Manual

As part of each OMs annual report, recommendations for modifications to any AAUS guidance contained within this manual must be submitted to AAUS for consideration.

Organizational Member Auspices and Responsibilities

Boston University auspices include any scientific diving operation in which Boston University is connected because of ownership of life support equipment used, locations selected, or relationship with the individual(s) concerned. This includes all cases involving the operations of authorized individuals of Boston University or auxiliary organizations, where such individuals are acting within the scope of their authorization.

It is Boston University’s responsibility to adhere to the AAUS Standards for Scientific Diving Certification and Operation of Scientific Diving Programs. The administration of the local diving program will reside with Boston University’s Diving Control Board (DCB).

The Associate Vice President for Research Compliance (AVPRC), or designee, shall appoint a DSO and members of the DCB. The administration of BU’s diving program resides with the DCB and the DSO supported by Safety Committees Program (SCP) staff within the Office of Research Integrity (ORI), and the Dive Safety Program within Environmental Health & Safety.

The regulations herein must be observed at all locations where scientific diving is conducted.

Organizational Member Diving Safety Manual

Meeting AAUS minimum standards is a requirement for organizational membership in the Academy. Each OM must develop and maintain a diving safety manual that includes wording on how the OM defines specific policies and procedures required for the proper function of a scientific diving program. The OM manual must address environmental and working conditions unique to the program’s operations. The OM diving manual must meet or exceed the AAUS standards.

AAUS standards must be the foundation for the development of an OM’s scientific diving safety manual. The order and formatting of the OM manual does not have to conform to the AAUS template. The information contained in Volume 1, Sections 1.00 through 5.00 and the Appendices are required for all manuals. Volume 2, Sections 6.00 through 12.00 are required only when the OM conducts the specifically referenced diving mode or activity. Deviations or significant changes to AAUS minimum standards may require justification before approval is granted by the AAUS Standards Committee.

Diving Control Board

• The Boston University Diving Control Board (DCB) must consist of a majority of active scientific divers. Voting members include the Chairperson, Diving Safety Officer (DSO), AVPRC or designee, and faculty representatives from departments involving scientific diving. Non-voting invitees include representatives from Environmental Health & Safety, Global Programs, Risk Management, and the graduate student body. Voting members are appointed by the AVPRC. Except for the DSO (whose appointment is ex officio), members shall be appointed for two-year terms, with reappointments being determined by the AVPRC.
• Shall be responsible to the AVPRC, or designee, and shall act as the official representative of BU in matters concerning the scientific diving program.
• Shall schedule quarterly meetings and meet more or less often as determined by the Chairperson and DSO. The Chairperson will lead and facilitate the DCB meetings. A quorum shall consist of a majority (50% plus one (1)) of voting members. Decisions will be made by a majority vote when at least a quorum is in attendance.
• Has autonomous and absolute authority over the Boston University Scientific Diving Program’s operation.
• The DCB must:
• Establish additional standards, protocols, and operational procedures beyond the AAUS minimums to address BU’s specific needs and concerns as they arise;
• Approve and monitor diving projects;
• Review and revise the diving safety manual;
• Ensure compliance with the diving safety manual;
• Approve the depth to which a diver has been authorized to dive;
• Take disciplinary action for unsafe practices;
• Ensure adherence to the buddy system for scientific diving;
• Act as BU’s official representative in matters concerning the scientific diving program;
• Act as a board of appeal to consider diver-related problems;
• Recommend the issue, reissue, or the revocation of diving authorizations;
• Recommend changes in policy and amendments to AAUS and BU’s diving safety manual as the need arises;
• Establish and/or approve training protocols or standards through which the applicants for authorization can satisfy the requirements of the BU’s diving safety manual;
• Suspend diving operations considered to be unsafe or unwise;
• Establish criteria for equipment selection and use;
• Recommend new equipment or techniques;
• Establish and/or approve facilities for the inspection and maintenance of diving and associated equipment;
• Ensure that BU’s air station(s) meet air quality standards as described in Section 3.60.
• Periodically review the DSO’s performance and program; and,
• Investigate diving incidents within BU’s diving program or violations of BU’s diving safety manual.
• The DCB may delegate operational oversight for portions of the program to the DSO; however, the DCB may not abdicate responsibility for the safe conduct of the diving program.

Diving Safety Officer

The Diving Safety Officer (DSO) serves as a voting member of the DCB, and is designated as one of BU’s Representatives to AAUS. This person should have broad technical expertise and experience in research related diving.

Qualifications:

1. Must be an active scuba instructor from an internationally recognized certifying agency.
2. Must be appointed by the AVPRC or designee, with the advice and counsel of the DCB.
3. Must qualify as a Full Voting Member of AAUS as defined by AAUS Bylaws:
• Holds a diving certification from a recognized national certifying agency or equivalent, and
• Has engaged in sustained or successive scientific diving activities during the past two years, or
• Has completed a course in scientific diving that meets the requirements as specified by the most current edition of the AAUS Standards for Scientific Diving.
4. Must attend an AAUS DSO Orientation within one year of accepting a position at BU, unless he/she has served as a DSO for another current AAUS OM within the last year.

Duties and Responsibilities

1. Answers, through the DCB, to the AVPRC or designee, for the conduct of the BU Scientific Diving Program.
2. As delegated by the DCB, the routine operational authority for the Scientific Diving Program rests with the DSO. This oversight includes, but is not limited to: training, diver authorizations, approval of dive plans, maintenance of diving records, and ensuring compliance with this Manual.
3. May permit some duties and responsibilities to be carried out by a qualified delegate, with the approval of the DCB.
4. Must be guided in the performance of the required duties by the advice of the DCB, but operational responsibility for the conduct of the scientific diving program will be retained by the DSO.
5. Must suspend diving operations determined to be unsafe or unwise.
6. Shall prepare and submit an annual report to the DCB detailing the previous year’s diving activity and as a means of program evaluation, preparing the program for the coming year and serving as the basis for the annual report submitted to AAUS.
7. Shall be responsible for related programs within Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) in their capacity as Dive Safety Program Manager.

Instructional Personnel Qualifications

All personnel involved in diving instruction under the auspices of Boston University must be reviewed and authorized by the DCB.

Lead Diver

For each dive, one individual shall be designated as the Lead Diver who shall be at the dive location during the diving operation. The Lead Diver shall be responsible for:
• Ensuring dives are conducted in accordance with Section 2.0.
• Ensuring all dive team members possess current authorization and are qualified for the type of diving operation.
• Briefing dive team members (see Section 2.20 Pre-dive Briefings)
• Coordination with other known activities in the vicinity that are likely to interfere with diving operations.
• Ensuring safety and emergency equipment is in working order and at the dive site.
• Suspending diving operations if in their opinion conditions are not safe.
• Reporting to the DCB, through the DSO, any physical problems or adverse physiological effects including symptoms of pressure-related injuries.

Reciprocity and Visiting Scientific Diver

• Two or more AAUS OMs engaged jointly in diving activities, or engaged jointly in the use of diving resources, must designate one of the participating DCBs to govern the joint dive project. However, responsibility for individual divers ultimately resides with the home OM.
• A visiting Scientific Diver from another AAUS OM must apply for permission to dive under the auspices of Boston University by submitting to the BU DSO a document containing all the information listed in Appendix 6, signed by the DSO or designee of the home DCB.
• A visiting Scientific Diver from another AAUS OM may be asked to demonstrate their knowledge and skills for the planned dive.
• A visiting scientific diver from a non-AAUS institution with a scientific diving program may be granted reciprocity by an equivalent mechanism, with approval from the DSO and DCB.
• If Boston University denies a visiting Scientific Diver permission to dive, the BU DCB must notify the visiting Scientific Diver and their DCB with an explanation of all reasons for the denial.
• Other situations may be covered under Temporary Diver Authorization and Departmental Volunteers (see Section 4.3).

Waiver of Requirements

The BU DCB may grant a waiver for specific requirements of training, examinations, depth authorizations, and minimum activity to maintain authorizations. AAUS medical standards may not be waived.

Failure to comply with the regulations of Boston University’s Diving Safety Manual may be cause for the restriction or revocation of the diver’s scientific diving authorization by action of the BU DCB.

The following process shall be followed:

1. Violation Review Process. The DSO may restrict, modify or suspend a diver’s authorization for cause, pending review by the DCB.
   1. In the case of violations resulting in a risk to personnel safety, the DSO shall immediately suspend the diver’s authorization, pending a review hearing by the DCB.
   2. The DSO shall make a written notice (hard copy and email) to the diver in question. A copy of the notice shall be forwarded to each DCB member and the diver’s department Chair.
   3. The diver shall be given the opportunity to present their case in writing for reconsideration or reauthorization. All such written statements and requests, as identified in this section, are formal documents that shall become part of the diver’s file maintained by the Office of Research Integrity (ORI).
   4. The DCB Chair shall convene a review hearing at the next scheduled DCB meeting, at which the diver shall have the right to be present.
   5. The diver shall not be permitted to dive under University jurisdiction during the period of review and appeal of a suspension or revocation of authorization.
2. Disciplinary actions available to the board include, but are not limited to, the following, separately or in combination:
   1. A written reprimand placed in the diver’s file;
   2. A probationary period of length to be determined by the DCB;
   3. Restriction or reduction of depth authorization;
   4. Restriction of dive activity;
   5. Revocation of Lead Diver privileges;
   6. Temporary revocation of diving authorization;
   7. Permanent revocation of diving authorization.
3. Violations of this manual also violating University personnel regulations, State or Federal law, or that expose the University to significant legal liability shall also be reported by the DCB Chair to the appropriate authority for review.

BU’s failure to comply with this manual may be cause for the revocation or restriction of it’s recognition by AAUS.

The ORC shall maintain records for each Scientific Diver certified. The file shall include evidence of certification level, log sheets, results of current physical examination, reports of disciplinary actions by Boston University DCB, and other pertinent information deemed necessary.

Availability of Records:

Medical records shall be made available to the attending physician of a diver or former diver when released in writing by the diver.

Records and documents required shall be retained by Boston University for the following period:

• Physician’s written reports of medical examinations for dive team members: five (5) years.
• Diving safety manual: current document only.
• Records of dive: one (1) year, except five (5) years where there has been an incident of pressure-related injury.
• Pressure-related injury assessment: five (5) years.
• Equipment inspection and testing records: current entry or tag, or until equipment is withdrawn from service.

No person shall engage in scientific diving operations under the auspices of the Boston University’s scientific diving program unless they are authorized pursuant to the provisions of this Manual.

Dive Plans

Before conducting any diving operations under the auspices of Boston University, a dive plan for the proposed project or dive must be formulated and submitted by Lead Diver for approval by the DSO and DCB.

To allow time for effective review, revisions, and coordination with other institutions, dive plans involving local diving (New England) shall be submitted at least 10 business days in advance of the planned dives; dive plans involving domestic travel shall be submitted at least 10 business days in advance; dive plans involving reciprocity divers 30 days (1 month) in advance; dive plans involving international travel 30 days (1 month) in advance.

Dives should be planned around the competency of the least experienced diver. The dive plan (project or individual) should include the following:

• Diving Mode(s) and Gas(es);
• Divers’ authorizations;
• Approximate number of proposed dives;
• Location(s) of proposed dives;
• Estimated depth(s) and bottom time(s) anticipated;
• Decompression status and repetitive dive plans, if required;
• Proposed work, equipment, and boats to be employed;
• Any hazardous conditions anticipated;
• Emergency Action Plan (Appendix 7);
• In water details of the dive plan should include:
• Dive Buddy assignments and tasks;
• Goals and objectives;
• Maximum depth(s) and bottom time;
• Gas management plan;
• Entry, exit, descent and ascent procedures;
• Perceived environmental and operational hazards and mitigations;
• Emergency and diver recall procedures.

Diver Responsibility and Refusal to Dive

The decision to dive is that of the diver. The ultimate responsibility for safety rests with the individual diver. It is the diver’s responsibility and duty to refuse to dive, without fear of penalty, if in his/her judgment, conditions are unsafe or unfavorable, or if he/she would be violating the precepts in this Manual.

No dive team member will be required to be exposed to hyperbaric conditions against his/her will.

No dive team member may dive for the duration of any known condition, which is likely to adversely affect the safety and health of the diver or other dive team members.

Pre-dive Safety Checks

• Prior to commencing the dive, the team must assure that every team member is healthy, fit, and trained for the type of dive that is being attempted.
• Scientific divers must conduct a functional check of their diving equipment in the presence of the dive buddy or tender. They must ensure the equipment is functioning properly and suitable for the type of diving operation being conducted.
• Each diver must have the capability of achieving and maintaining positive buoyancy at the surface.
• Environmental conditions at the site will be evaluated prior to entering the water. The dive shall be terminated if the Lead Diver deems the conditions to be unsafe.

Pre-dive Briefings

Before conducting any diving operations under the auspices of Boston University, the dive team members must be briefed by the Lead Diver on:

• Dive Buddy assignments and tasks;
• Dive objectives.
• Maximum depth(s) and bottom time;
• Turn around pressure and required surfacing pressure
• Entry, exit, descent and ascent procedures;
• Perceived environmental and operational hazards and mitigations;
• Emergency and diver recall procedures.

Solo Diving Prohibition

All diving activities must adhere to the buddy system. The buddy system is based upon mutual assistance, especially in the case of an emergency.

Decompression Management

The decision to dive is that of the diver. A diver may refuse to dive, without fear of penalty, whenever they feel it is unsafe for them to make the dive.

• On any given dive, both divers in the buddy pair must follow the most conservative dive profile
• A safety stop performed during the ascent phase of the dive should be conducted on any dive that exceeds 30 feet (9.14m).

Termination of the Dive

Any dive must be terminated while there is still sufficient cylinder pressure to permit the diver to safely reach the surface, including decompression time, or to safely reach an additional air source at the decompression station.

It is the responsibility of the diver to terminate a dive that he/she considers unsafe, without fear of reprisal, in a way that does not compromise the safety of another diver already in the water.

Emergencies and Deviations from Regulations

Any diver may deviate from the requirements of this Manual to the extent necessary to prevent or minimize a situation likely to cause death, serious physical harm, or major environmental damage. A written report must be submitted to the DCB explaining the circumstances and justifications as soon as reasonably possible and preferably within 3 days.

Post-Dive Safety Checks

After the completion of a dive, each diver must report any physical problems, symptoms of decompression sickness, or equipment malfunctions to the Lead Diver, DSO, and/or DCB as soon as reasonably possible and preferably within 3 days.

Boston University has developed emergency procedures that follow the standards of care of the community and must include procedures and implementation criteria for emergency care, recompression, evacuation, and incident reporting (Appendix 7).

• Following a Single No-Decompression Dive: Divers should have a minimum preflight surface interval of 12 hours.
• Following Multiple Dives per Day or Multiple Days of Diving: Divers should have a minimum preflight surface interval of 18 hours.
• Following Dives Requiring Decompression Stops: Divers should have a minimum preflight surface interval of 24 hours.
• Before Ascending to Altitude Above 1000 feet (304 meters): Divers should follow the appropriate guideline for preflight surface intervals unless the decompression procedure used has accounted for the increase in elevation.

Personal Diving Log

Each authorized scientific diver must log every dive made under the auspices of the Boston University’s program. Logs must be submitted per local protocol and must remain in the divers’ file. The dive log must include at least the following:

• Name of diver and buddy;
• Date, time, and location;
• Diving modes used;
• General nature of diving activities;
• Maximum depths and bottom time;
• Diving tables or computers used; and
• Detailed report of any near or actual incidents.

Required Incident Reporting

All diving incidents requiring recompression treatment, or resulting in moderate or serious injury, or death must be reported to the BU DCB and Research Occupational Health Program (ROHP), as soon as reasonably possible and preferably within 3 days. BU’s regular procedures for incident reporting and notifications shall be followed. The report will specify the circumstances of the incident and the extent of any injuries or illnesses.

Boston University must record and report occupational injuries and illnesses in accordance with requirements of the appropriate Labor Code section. Boston University must investigate and document any incident of pressure-related injury and prepare a report that is to be forwarded to AAUS in a timely manner during the annual reporting cycle. This report may be released to AAUS in blinded form or with the diver’s or survivor’s written permission. This report must first be reviewed and released by BU’s ROHP and DCB.

If pressure-related injuries are suspected, or if symptoms are evident, the following additional information must be recorded and retained by Boston University, with the record of the dive, for a period of 5 years. The written descriptive report shall include:

• Name, address, phone numbers of the principal parties involved;
• Summary of experience of divers involved;
• Location, description of dive site, and description of conditions that led up to incident;
• The circumstances of the incident and the extent of any injuries or illnesses;
• Description of symptoms, including depth and time of onset;
• Description and results of treatment;
• Disposition of case; and,
• Recommendations to avoid repetition of incident.

In addition to requirements specific to Boston University, all diving incidents will be reported to the AAUS. This report must first be reviewed and released by the BU DCB and ROHP and at a minimum contain:

• Complete AAUS Incident Report.
• Summary of experience of divers involved.
• Description of dive site, and description of conditions that led up to incident.
• The circumstances of the incident and the extent of any injuries or illnesses.
• Description of symptoms, including depth and time of onset.
• Description and results of treatment.
• Disposition of case.
• Recommendations to avoid repetition of incident.

All equipment must meet standards as determined by the DSO and the DCB. All equipment must be regularly examined by the person using it and serviced according to manufacturer recommendations. Equipment that is subjected to extreme usage under adverse conditions should require more frequent testing and maintenance.

The BU DCB must establish the minimum equipment configuration for all dives.
Regulators and Gauges:

• Scuba regulators and gauges must be inspected and tested prior to each use and serviced, at a minimum, according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
• A first stage;
• Primary 2nd stage;
• Back up 2nd stage;
• Submersible Pressure Gauge (SPG);
• Inflator hose for a Buoyancy Compensator Device
• A Full Face Mask may be used in place of the primary 2nd stage according to manufacturer’s recommendations

Equipment for Determination of Decompression Status

• Each member of the buddy team must have an underwater timing device and depth indicator, or dive computer.
• If dive tables are being used a set must be available at the dive location.
• If a dive computer is used the diver must use the same computer for repetitive dives.
• In an aquarium or other manmade structure of a known maximum obtainable depth:
• A depth indicator is not required, except when a diver’s decompression status must be taken into consideration on repetitive dives.
• Only one buddy must be equipped with a timing device.
• The maximum obtainable depth of the aquarium must be used as the diving depth.

Scuba Cylinders

• Scuba cylinders must be designed, constructed, and maintained in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Unfired Pressure Vessel Safety Orders.
• Scuba cylinders must be hydrostatically tested in accordance with Department of Transportation (DOT) standards.
• Scuba cylinders must have an internal and external inspection at intervals not to exceed 12 months.
• Scuba cylinder valves must be functionally tested at intervals not to exceed 12 months.

Buoyancy Compensation Devices (BCD)

• Each diver must have the capability of achieving and maintaining neutral buoyancy underwater and positive buoyancy at the surface.
• BCDs, dry suits, or other variable volume buoyancy compensation devices must be equipped with an exhaust valve.
• These devices must be functionally inspected and tested at intervals not to exceed 12 months.
• BCDs, dry suits, or other variable volume buoyancy compensation devices must not be used as a lifting device in lieu of lift bags.

Handheld Underwater Power Tools

• Power tools and equipment used underwater must be specifically approved for this purpose.
• Tools and equipment supplied with power from the surface must be de-energized before being placed into or retrieved from the water.
• Handheld power tools must not be supplied with power from the dive location until requested by the diver.

First Aid Supplies

• A first aid kit and emergency oxygen appropriate for the diving being conducted must be available at the dive site.

Diver’s Flag

• A diver’s flag must be displayed prominently whenever diving is conducted under circumstances where required or where water traffic is probable.

Compressor Systems – Boston University Controlled

The following will be considered in design and location of compressor systems:

• Low-pressure compressors used to supply air to the diver if equipped with a volume tank must have a check valve on the inlet side, a relief valve, and a drain valve.
• Compressed air systems over 500 psig must have slow-opening shut-off valves.
• All air compressor intakes must be located away from areas containing exhaust or other contaminants.

Record Keeping

Each equipment modification, repair, test, calibration, or maintenance service must be logged, including the date and nature of work performed, serial number of the item (if applicable), and the name of the person performing the work for the following equipment:

• Regulators
• Gauges (SPG, Depth Gauges, Timers, and Dive Computers)
• BCDs
• Dry suits
• Scuba cylinders and valves
• Full Face Masks
• Compressors, air filtration systems, gas control panels, and storage banks
• Surface supplied equipment
• Rebreather systems
• Additional equipment categories as determined by the DCB

Compressor Operation and Air Test Records

Gas analyses and air tests must be performed on each BU-controlled breathing air compressor at regular intervals of no more than 100 hours of operation or 6 months, whichever occurs first. The results of these tests must be entered in a formal log and be maintained.

Compressor Operation and Air Test Records

Breathing gas must meet the following specifications as set forth by the Compressed Gas Association (CGA Pamphlet G-7.1; see table below).

For breathing air used in conjunction with self-contained breathing apparatus in extreme cold where moisture can condense and freeze, causing the breathing apparatus to malfunction, a dew point not to exceed -50°F (63 pm v/v) or 10 degrees lower than the coldest temperature expected in the area is required.

Remote Operations

For remote site operations using gas sources not controlled by Boston University, every effort should be made to verify breathing gas meets the requirements of this standard. If CGA Grade E gas is not verifiable, the DCB must develop a protocol to mitigate risk to the diver. For operations where gas is not verifiable, divers will be advised to carry portable air test kits.

Administrative

The candidate must complete all administrative and legal documentation required by Boston University.

Entry Level Diver Certification

The candidate must, at minimum, show documented proof of entry-level diver certification from an internationally recognized training agency, or under AAUS entry-level training auspices.

The candidate must, at minimum, show documented proof of Diver Certification or equivalent from an internationally recognized training agency. OMs who wish to train and certify entry level divers may do so under the standards of the most current version of the RSTC/WRSTC and/or ISO entry-level diver standards. Entry level diver training is a prerequisite to scientific diver training and therefore no part of entry level training may be counted in any way toward scientific diver training.
1 “Minimum Course Content for Open Water Diver Certification”- World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC), www.wrstc.com.
2 “Safety related minimum requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers — Part 2: Level 2 — Autonomous diver”. ISO 24801-2:2007- International Organization for Standardization (ISO) – www.iso.org.

Medical Examination

The candidate must be medically qualified for diving as described in Section 5.0 and Appendices 1-4 of this Manual. AAUS medical standards may not be waived.

Swimming/Watermanship Evaluation

The candidate must demonstrate the following in the presence of the DSO or designee.All tests are to be performed without swim aids. However, where exposure protection is needed, the candidate must be appropriately weighted to provide for neutral buoyancy.

• Swim underwater for a distance of 25 yards (23 meters) without surfacing.
• Swim 400 yards (366 meters) in less than 12 minutes.
• Tread water for 10 minutes, or 2 minutes without the use of hands.
• Transport a passive person of equal size a distance of 25 yards (23 meters) in the water.

The candidate must successfully complete prerequisites, theoretical aspects, practical training, and examinations for a minimum cumulative time of 100 hours and a minimum of 12 open water dives. Theoretical aspects must include principles and activities appropriate to the intended area of scientific study. Formats for meeting the 100 hour training requirement include a BU developed formalized training course, or a combination of formalized and on the job training.

When a diver’s resume provides clear evidence of significant scientific diving experience, the diver can be given credit for meeting portions of the 100 hour course requirements. The DCB will identify specific overlap between on-the-job training, previous scientific diving training/experience and course requirements, and then determine how potential deficiencies will be resolved. However, the DCB cannot “test-out” divers, regardless of experience, when they have no previous experience in scientific diving.

Any candidate who does not convince the DCB, through the DSO, that they possess the necessary judgment, under diving conditions, for the safety of the diver and his/her buddy, may be denied BU scientific diving privileges.

Only a person diving under the auspices of Boston University that subscribes to the practices of the AAUS is eligible for a scientific diver certification. BU requires that no person shall engage in scientific diving unless that person is authorized pursuant to the provision of this Manual.

Diver-In-Training (DIT) Authorization

This is an authorization to dive, usable only while it is current and for the purpose intended. This authorization signifies that a diver has completed and been certified as at least an entry level diver through an internationally recognized certifying agency and has the knowledge skills and experience necessary to commence and continue training as a scientific diver under supervision, as approved by the DCB. DIT status must only be used when the diver is on his/her way to becoming certified as a scientific diver. While it is recommended for DIT’s to have hands-on scientific diver experience during their training, the DIT status is intended to be a temporary authorization, not a substitute for Scientific Diver Certification.

Scientific Diver Certification

Signifies a diver has completed all requirements in Section 4.20 and is certified by Boston University to engage in scientific diving without supervision, as approved by the DCB through the DSO. Submission of documents and participation in aptitude examinations does not automatically result in certification. To be certified, the applicant must demonstrate to the DCB, through the DSO, that s/he is sufficiently skilled and proficient, and possess the necessary judgement for their safety and/or that of the dive team. Scientific Diver Certification is only active when required authorizations are in place and current. The DCB will be advised of this certification by the DSO and the DCB will give final approval, and inform divers.

Scientific Aquarium Diver Certification

Scientific Aquarium Diver is a certification authorizing the diver to participate in scientific diving solely in the aquarium environment.
All requirements set forth for Scientific Diver certification must apply, except follows:

• Practical training must include at least 12 supervised aquarium dives for a cumulative bottom time of 6 hours.
• Training requirements for navigation and 400-yard (366-meter) surface swim in scuba gear may be waived at the discretion of the DCB.

Temporary Diver Authorization

Only a diver not under the auspices of an AAUS OM but working under the auspices of another institution may be granted a Temporary Diver Authorization. The individual in question must demonstrate proficiency in diving and can contribute measurably to a planned dive. A Temporary Diver Authorization constitutes a waiver of selected requirements of Section 4.0 and is valid only for a limited time, as approved by the DCB. A Temporary Diver Authorization must be restricted to the planned diving operation and must comply with all other policies, regulations, and standards of this Manual, including medical requirements. This authorization is not to be utilized as a repeated mechanism to circumvent existing standards set forth in this Manual.

A diver not under the auspices of an AAUS OM and not affiliated within another institution may apply for a volunteer position within a department at BU. Once approved the volunteer will be provided the same training opportunities and will be subject to the same regulations as a BU diver.

Acquisition of Depth Ratings and Progression to Next Depth Level

Indicates the maximum depth in which a diver can conduct science and may supervise other divers holding a lesser depth authorization. A scientific diver requires a valid depth authorization to be considered active.

A diver may be authorized to the next depth level after successfully completing the requirements for that level. A diver may exceed his/her depth authorization when accompanied and supervised by a dive buddy holding a depth authorization greater or equal to the intended depth. Dives must be planned and executed with the permission of the DCB or designee.

In the event a diver within the BU does not hold an authorization at the desired next level, the DCB may authorize a required progression or procedure for a diver to attain a deeper authorization. If local conditions do not conform to traditional AAUS depth progressions, the DCB may devise a reasonable accommodation. However, the total number of dives to obtain a given depth authorization must follow the cumulative number of dives listed below:

1. Authorization to 30 Foot Depth – Initial science diver depth authorization, approved upon the successful completion of training listed in Section 4.00. Cumulative minimum supervised dives: 12.
2. Authorization to 60 Foot Depth – A diver holding a 30-foot authorization may be authorized to a depth of 60 feet after successfully completing and logging 12 supervised dives to depths between 31 and 60 feet under supervision of a diver authorized by the DCB, for a minimum total time of 4 hours. Cumulative minimum supervised dives: 24.
3. Authorization to 100 Foot Depth – A diver holding a 60-foot authorization may be authorized to a depth of 100 feet after successfully completing and logging 6 supervised dives to depths between 61 and 100 feet under supervision of a dive buddy authorized by the DCB. The diver must also demonstrate proficiency in the use of the appropriate decompression profiling method. Cumulative minimum supervised dives: 30.
4. Authorization to 130 Foot Depth – A diver holding a 100-foot authorization may be authorized to a depth of 130 feet after successfully completing and logging 6 supervised dives to depths between 100 and 130 feet under supervision of a dive buddy authorized by the DCB. The diver must also demonstrate proficiency in the use of the appropriate decompression profiling method. Cumulative minimum supervised dives: 36.

Diving on air is not permitted beyond a depth of 130 feet. Dives beyond 130 feet require the use of mixed gas.

Minimum Activity to Maintain Authorizations

During any 12-month period, each scientific diver must log a minimum of 12 scientific, scientific training, or proficiency dives.

At least one dive must be logged near the maximum depth, as defined by the DCB, of the diver’s authorization during each 6-month period.

Failure to meet these requirements will result in revocation or restriction of authorization by the DSO under procedures established by the DCB.

Requalification of Authorization

Once the initial requirements of Section 4.00 are met, divers whose depth authorization has lapsed due to lack of activity may be requalified by procedures advised by the DSO/DCB on a case by case basis

Medical Examination

All scientific divers must pass a medical examination at the intervals specified in Section 5.0. A medically cleared diver experiencing any Conditions Which May Disqualify Candidates From Diving (Appendix 1) must receive clearance to return to diving from a physician before resuming diving activities. This medical examination requirement cannot be waived for any diver.

Emergency Care Training

The scientific diver must hold current training in the following:

• Adult CPR and AED;
• Emergency oxygen administration; and
• First aid for diving accidents.

The DCB or designee must inform the diver in writing of the reason(s) for revocation. The diver will be given the opportunity to present their case in writing to the DCB for reconsideration. Following revocation, the diver may be reauthorized after complying with conditions the DCB may impose. All such written statements and requests, as identified in this section, are formal documents, and therefore are made part of the diver’s file.

General

• All medical evaluations required by this Manual must be performed by, or under the direction of, a licensed physician of the applicant-diver’s choice, preferably one trained in diving/undersea medicine.
• The diver should be free of any chronic disabling disease and any conditions contained in the list of conditions for which restrictions from diving are generally recommended. (Appendix 1).
• BU’s ROHP must verify that divers have been declared by the examining medical authority to be fit to engage in diving activities.

• Diving physical examination (Appendix 2). Modifications or omissions of required tests are not permitted
• Applicant agreement for release of medical information to the Diving Safety Officer and the DCB (Appendix 2b)
• Medical history (Appendix 3)

• A Medical Evaluation of Fitness For Scuba Diving Report (Appendix 2) signed by the examining physician stating the individual’s fitness to dive, including any recommended restrictions or limitations will be submitted to BU’s ROHP for the diver’s record after the examination is complete.
• The Medical Evaluation of Fitness For Scuba Diving Report will be reviewed by BU’s ROHP and the diver’s record and authorizations will be updated accordingly.
• A copy of any physician’s written reports will be made available to the individual.
• It is the diver’s responsibility to provide to Boston University a written statement from the examining medical authority listing any restrictions, limitations, or clearances to dive resulting from medical examinations obtained by the individual outside of their normal diving medical examination cycle. These statements will be reviewed by BU’s ROHP and the diver’s record and authorizations will be updated accordingly. Gauges (SPG, Depth Gauges, Timers, and Dive Computers)

Prerequisites

Only a certified Scientific Diver or DIT diving under the auspices of Boston University is eligible for authorization to use nitrox.
Application for authorization to use nitrox must be made to the DCB. Submission of documents and participation in aptitude examinations does not automatically result in authorization to use nitrox. The applicant must convince the DCB through the DSO that they are sufficiently knowledgeable, skilled and proficient in the theory and use of nitrox for diving.

Training

In lieu of writing/promulgating AAUS specific training standards for Nitrox divers, AAUS references the standards for Nitrox diver training as defined by the WRSTC and/or ISO. AAUS programs who wish to train Nitrox divers may do so using one of the following options:

1. Under the auspices and standards of an internationally recognized diver training agency..
2. Under the auspices of AAUS using the minimum guidelines presented by the most current version of the RSTC/WRSTC and/or ISO Nitrox diver training standards.
   References:
   “Minimum Course Content for Enriched Air Nitrox Certification” – World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC), www.wrstc.com.
   “Recreational diving services- Requirements for training programs on enriches air nitrox (EAN) diving”. ISO 11107:2009 – International Organization for Standardization (ISO), www.iso.org

Practical Evaluation

• Oxygen analysis of nitrox mixtures.
• Determination of MOD, oxygen partial pressure exposure, and oxygen toxicity time limits, for various nitrox mixtures at various depths.
• Determination of nitrogen-based dive limits status by EAD method using air dive tables, and/or using nitrox dive tables, as approved by the DCB.
• Nitrox dive computer use may be included, as approved by the DCB.
• A minimum of two supervised open water dives using nitrox is required for authorization.

Written Evaluation

• Function, care, use, and maintenance of equipment cleaned for nitrox use.
• Physical and physiological considerations of nitrox diving (e.g., O2 and CO2 toxicity)
• Diving regulations, procedures/operations, and dive planning as related to nitrox diving
• Equipment marking and maintenance requirements
• Dive table and/or dive computer usage
• Calculation of: MOD, pO2, and other aspects of Nitrox diving as required by the DCB

Oxygen Exposure Limits

• The inspired oxygen partial pressure experienced at depth should not exceed 1.6 ATA.
• The maximum allowable exposure limit should be reduced in cases where cold or strenuous dive conditions, or extended exposure times are expected.

Calculation of Decompression Status

• A set of DCB approved nitrox dive tables should be available at the dive site.
• Dive computers may be used to compute decompression status during nitrox dives. Manufacturers’ guidelines and operation instructions should be followed.
• Dive computers capable of pO2 limit and fO2 adjustment should be checked by the diver prior to the start each dive to ensure conformity with the mix being used.

Gas Mixture Requirements

• Only nitrox mixtures and mixing methods approved by the DCB may be used.
• Boston University personnel mixing nitrox must be qualified and approved by the DCB for the method(s) used.
• Oxygen used for mixing nitrox should meet the purity levels for “Medical Grade” (U.S.P.) or “Aviator Grade” standards.
• In addition to the AAUS Air Purity Guidelines outlined in Section 3.60, any air that may come in contact with oxygen concentrations greater than 40% (i.e. during mixing), must also have a hydrocarbon contaminant no greater than .01 mg/m3.
• For remote site operations using compressors not controlled by Boston University where this is not verifiable, the DCB must develop a protocol to mitigate risk to the diver.

Analysis Verification by User

• Prior to the dive, it is the responsibility of each diver to analyze the oxygen content of his/her scuba cylinder and acknowledge in writing the following information for each cylinder: fO2, MOD, cylinder pressure, date of analysis, and user’s name.
• Individual dive log reporting forms should report fO2 of nitrox used, if different than 21%.

Required Equipment

All of the designated equipment and stated requirements regarding scuba equipment required in the AAUS Manual apply to nitrox operations. Additional minimal equipment necessary for nitrox diving operations includes:

• Labeled SCUBA Cylinders in Accordance with Industry Standards
• Oxygen Analyzers
• Oxygen compatible equipment as applicable

Requirement for Oxygen Service

• All equipment, which during the dive or cylinder filling process is exposed to concentrations greater than 40% oxygen, should be cleaned and maintained for oxygen service.
• Any equipment used with oxygen or mixtures containing over 40% by volume oxygen must be designed and maintained for oxygen service. Oxygen systems over 125 psig must have slow-opening shut-off valves.

Compressor system

• Compressor/filtration system must produce oil-free air, or
• An oil-lubricated compressor placed in service for a nitrox system should be checked for oil and hydrocarbon contamination at least quarterly.

Download Appendix 3

Download Appendix 4

Air sharing – Sharing of an air supply between divers.
ATA(s) – “Atmospheres Absolute”, Total pressure exerted on an object, by a gas or mixture of gases, at a specific depth or elevation, including normal atmospheric pressure.
Alternate Gas Supply – Fully redundant system capable of providing a gas source to the diver should their primary gas supply fail.
Authorization-The DCB authorizes divers to dive using specialized modes of diving, and the depth they may dive to.
Breath-hold Diving – A diving mode in which the diver uses no self-contained or surface-supplied air or oxygen supply.
Bubble Check – Visual examination by the dive team of their diving systems, looking for O-ring leaks or other air leaks conducted in the water prior to entering a cave. Usually included in the “S” Drill.
Buddy Breathing – Sharing of a single air source between divers.
Buddy System -Two comparably equipped scuba divers in the water in constant communication.
Buoyant Ascent – An ascent made using some form of positive buoyancy.
Cave Dive – A dive, which takes place partially or wholly underground, in which one or more of the environmental parameters defining a cavern dive are exceeded.
Cavern Dive – A dive which takes place partially or wholly underground, in which natural sunlight is continuously visible from the entrance.
Certified Diver – A diver who holds a recognized valid certification from an AAUS OM or internationally recognized certifying agency.
(Scientific Diver) Certification– A diver who holds a recognized valid certification from an AAUS OM
Controlled Ascent – Any one of several kinds of ascents including normal, swimming, and air sharing ascents where the diver(s) maintain control so a pause or stop can be made during the ascent.
Cylinder – A pressure vessel for the storage of gases.
Decompression Sickness – A condition with a variety of symptoms, which may result from gas, and bubbles in the tissues of divers after pressure reduction.
Designated Person-In-Charge – Surface Supplied diving mode manning requirement. An individual designated by the OM DCB or designee with the experience or training necessary to direct, and oversee in the surface supplied diving operation being conducted.
Dive – A descent into the water, an underwater diving activity utilizing compressed gas, an ascent, and return to the surface.
Dive Computer – A microprocessor based device which computes a diver’s theoretical decompression status, in real time, by using pressure (depth) and time as input to a decompression model, or set of decompression tables, programmed into the device.
Dive Location – A surface or vessel from which a diving operation is conducted.
Dive Site – Physical location of a diver during a dive.
Dive Table – A profile or set of profiles of depth-time relationships for ascent rates and breathing mixtures to be followed after a specific depth-time exposure or exposures.
Diver – A person who stays underwater for long periods by having compressed gas supplied from the surface or by carrying a supply of compressed gas.
Diver-In-Training – An individual gaining experience and training in additional diving activities under the supervision of a dive team member experienced in those activities.
Diving Mode – A type of diving required specific equipment, procedures, and techniques, for example, snorkel, scuba, surface-supplied air, or mixed gas.
Diving Control Board (DCB) – Group of individuals who act as the official representative of the membership organization in matters concerning the scientific diving program (See Diving Control Board under Section 1.0).
Diving Safety Officer (DSO) – Individual responsible for the safe conduct of the scientific diving program of the membership organization (See Diving Safety Officer under Section 1.0).
DPIC – See Designated Person-In-Charge.
EAD – Equivalent Air Depth (see below).
Emergency Swimming Ascent – An ascent made under emergency conditions where the diver may exceed the normal ascent rate.
Enriched Air (EANx) – A name for a breathing mixture of air and oxygen when the percent of oxygen exceeds 21%. This term is considered synonymous with the term “nitrox” (Section 6.00).
Equivalent Air Depth (EAD) – Depth at which air will have the same nitrogen partial pressure as the nitrox mixture being used. This number, expressed in units of feet seawater or saltwater, will always be less than the actual depth for any enriched air mixture.
Flooded Mine Diving – Diving in the flooded portions of a man-made mine. Necessitates use of techniques detailed for cave diving.
fO2 – Fraction of oxygen in a gas mixture, expressed as either a decimal or percentage, by volume.
FSW – Feet of seawater.
Gas Management – Gas planning rule which is used in cave diving environments in which the diver reserves a portion of their available breathing gas for anticipated emergencies (See Rule of Thirds, Sixths).
Gas Matching – The technique of calculating breathing gas reserves and turn pressures for divers using different volume cylinders. Divers outfitted with the same volume cylinders may employ the Rule of Thirds for gas management purposes. Divers outfitted with different volume cylinders will not observe the same gauge readings when their cylinders contain the same gas volume, therefore the Rule of Thirds will not guarantee adequate reserve if both divers must breathe from a single gas volume at a Rule of Thirds turn pressure. Gas Matching is based on individual consumption rates in volume consumed per minute. It allows divers to calculate turn pressures based on combined consumption rates and to convert the required reserve to a gauge based turn pressure specific to each diver’s cylinder configuration.
Guideline – Continuous line used as a navigational reference during a dive leading from the team position to a point where a direct vertical ascent may be made to the surface.
Hookah – While similar to Surface Supplied in that the breathing gas is supplied from the surface by means of a pressurized hose, the supply hose does not require a strength member, pneumofathometer hose, or communication line. Hookah equipment may be as simple as a long hose attached to a standard scuba cylinder supplying a standard scuba second stage. The diver is responsible for the monitoring his/her own depth, time, and diving profile.
Hyperbaric Chamber – See decompression chamber.
Hyperbaric Conditions – Pressure conditions in excess of normal atmospheric pressure at the dive location.
Independent Reserve Breathing Gas – A diver-carried independent supply of air or mixed gas (as appropriate) sufficient under standard operating conditions to allow the diver to reach the surface, or another source of breathing gas, or to be reached by another diver.
Jump/Gap Reel – Spool or reel used to connect one guide line to another thus ensuring a continuous line to the exit.
Life Support Equipment – Underwater equipment necessary to sustain life.
Lead Diver – Certified scientific diver with experience and training to conduct the diving operation.
Organizational Member (OM) – An organization which is a current member of the AAUS, and which has a program, which adheres to the standards of the AAUS as, set forth in the AAUS Manual.
Manifold with Isolator Valve – A manifold joining two diving cylinders, that allows the use of two completely independent regulators. If either regulator fails, it may be shut off, allowing the remaining regulator access to the gas in both of the diving cylinders.
Mixed Gas – Breathing gas containing proportions of inert gas other than nitrogen greater than 1% by volume.
Mixed Gas Diving – A diving mode in which the diver is supplied in the water with a breathing gas other than air.
MOD – Maximum Operating Depth, usually determined as the depth at which the pO2 for a given gas mixture reaches a predetermined maximum.
Nitrox – Any gas mixture comprised predominately of nitrogen and oxygen, most frequently containing between 22% and 40% oxygen. Also be referred to as Enriched Air Nitrox, abbreviated EAN.
Normal Ascent – An ascent made with an adequate air supply at a rate of 30 feet per minute or less.
OTU – Oxygen Toxicity Unit
Oxygen Compatible – A gas delivery system that has components (O-rings, valve seats, diaphragms, etc.) that are compatible with oxygen at a stated pressure and temperature.
Oxygen Service – A gas delivery system that is both oxygen clean and oxygen compatible.
Oxygen Toxicity – Any adverse reaction of the central nervous system (“acute” or “CNS” oxygen toxicity) or lungs (“chronic”, “whole-body”, or “pulmonary” oxygen toxicity) brought on by exposure to an increased (above atmospheric levels) partial pressure of oxygen.
Penetration Distance – Linear distance from the entrance intended or reached by a dive team during a dive at a dive site.
Pressure-Related Injury – An injury resulting from pressure disequilibrium within the body as the result of hyperbaric exposure. Examples include: decompression sickness, pneumothorax, mediastinal emphysema, air embolism, subcutaneous emphysema, or ruptured eardrum.
Pressure Vessel – See cylinder.
pO2 – Inspired partial pressure of oxygen, usually expressed in units of atmospheres absolute.
Primary Reel – Initial guideline used by the dive team from open water to maximum penetration or a permanently installed guideline.
Psi – Unit of pressure, “pounds per square inch.
Psig – Unit of pressure, “pounds per square inch gauge.
Recompression Chamber – A pressure vessel for human occupancy. Also called a hyperbaric chamber or decompression chamber.
Restriction – Any passage through which two divers cannot easily pass side by side while sharing air.
Rule of Thirds – Gas planning rule which is used in cave diving environments in which the diver reserves 2/3’s of their breathing gas supply for exiting the cave or cavern.
Rule of Sixths – Air planning rule which is used in cave or other confined diving environments in which the diver reserves 5/6’s of their breathing gas supply (for DPV use, siphon diving, etc.) for exiting the cave or cavern.
Safety Drill – (“S” Drill) – Short gas sharing, equipment evaluation, dive plan, and communication exercise carried out prior to entering a cave or cavern dive by the dive team.
Safety Reel – Secondary reel used as a backup to the primary reel, usually containing 150 feet of guideline that is used in an emergency.
Scientific Diving – Scientific diving is defined (29CFR1910.402) as diving performed solely as a necessary part of a scientific, research, or educational activity by employees whose sole purpose for diving is to perform scientific research tasks.
Scuba Diving – A diving mode independent of surface supply in which the diver uses open circuit self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.
Side Mount – A diving mode utilizing two independent SCUBA systems carried along the sides of the diver’s body; either of which always has sufficient air to allow the diver to reach the surface unassisted.
Siphon – Cave into which water flows with a generally continuous in-current.
Standby Diver – A diver at the dive location capable of rendering assistance to a diver in the water.
Surface Supplied Diving – Surface Supplied: Dives where the breathing gas is supplied from the surface by means of a pressurized umbilical hose. The umbilical generally consists of a gas supply hose, strength member, pneumofathometer hose, and communication line. The umbilical supplies a helmet or full-face mask. The diver may rely on the tender at the surface to keep up with the divers’ depth, time and diving profile.
Swimming Ascent – An ascent, which can be done under normal or emergency conditions accomplished by simply swimming to the surface.
Tender – Used in Surface supplied and tethered diving. The tender comprises the topsides buddy for the in-water diver on the other end of the tether. The tender must have the experience or training to perform the assigned tasks in a safe and healthful manner.
Turn Pressure – The gauge reading of a diver’s open circuit scuba system designating the gas limit for terminating the dive and beginning the exit from the water.
Umbilical – Composite hose bundle between a dive location and a diver or bell, or between a diver and a bell, which supplies a diver or bell with breathing gas, communications, power, or heat, as appropriate to the diving mode or conditions, and includes a safety line between the diver and the dive location.

Introduction
A diving accident victim could be any person who has been breathing compressed gas underwater regardless of depth. It is essential that emergency procedures are pre-planned and that medical treatment is initiated as soon as possible. It is the responsibility of each AAUS OM to develop procedures for diving emergencies including evacuation and medical treatment for each dive location.

General Procedures
Depending on and according to the nature of the diving accident:

1. Make appropriate contact with victim or rescue as required.
2. Establish (A)irway (B)reathing (C)irculation or (C)irculation (A)irway (B)reathing as appropriate
3. Stabilize the victim
4. Administer 100% oxygen, if appropriate (in cases of Decompression Illness, or Near Drowning).
5. Call local Emergency Medical System (EMS) for transport to nearest medical treatment facility. Explain the circumstances of the dive incident to the evacuation teams, medics and physicians.
   Do not assume that they understand why 100% oxygen may be required for the diving accident victim or that recompression treatment may be necessary.
6. Call appropriate Diving Accident Coordinator for contact with diving physician and recompression chamber, etc.
7. Notify DSO or designee according to the Emergency Action Plan of the OM.
8. Complete and submit Incident Report Form (www.aaus.org) to the DCB of the organization and the AAUS (Section 2.70 Required Incident Reporting).

List of Emergency Contact Numbers Appropriate For Dive Location

Available Procedures

• Emergency care
• Recompression
• Evacuation

Emergency Plan Content

• Name, telephone number, and relationship of person to be contacted for each diver in the event of an emergency.
• Nearest operational recompression chamber.
• Nearest accessible hospital.
• Available means of transport.

COLLECTION CRITERIA:

The “Dive Time in Minutes”, The Number of Dives Logged”, and the “Number of Divers Logging Dives” will be collected for the following categories.

• Dive Classification
• Breathing Gas
• Diving Mode
• Decompression Planning and Calculation Method
• Depth Ranges
• Specialized Environments
• Incident Types

Dive Time in Minutes is defined as the surface-to-surface time including any safety or required decompression stops.

A Dive is defined as a descent underwater utilizing compressed gas and subsequent ascent/return to the surface with a minimum surface interval of 10 minutes.

Dives will not be differentiated as open water or confined water dives. But open water and confined water dives will be logged and submitted for AAUS statistics classified as either scientific or training/proficiency.

A “Diver Logging a Dive” is defined as a person who is diving under the auspices of your scientific diving organization. Dives logged by divers from another AAUS Organization will be reported with the diver’s home organization. Only a diver who has actually logged a dive during the reporting period is counted under this category.

Incident(s) that occur during the collection cycle: Only incidents that occurred during, or resulting from, a dive where the diver is breathing a compressed gas will be submitted to AAUS.

DEFINITIONS:

Dive Classification:

• Scientific Dives: Dives that meet the scientific diving exemption as defined in 29 CFR 1910.402. Diving tasks traditionally associated with a specific scientific discipline are considered a scientific dive. Construction and trouble-shooting tasks traditionally associated with commercial diving are not considered a scientific dive.
• Training and Proficiency Dives: Dives performed as part of a scientific diver-training program, or dives performed in maintenance of a scientific diving certification/authorization.

Breathing Gas:

• Air: Dives where the bottom gas used for the dive is air.
• Nitrox: Dives where the bottom gas used for the dive is a combination of nitrogen and oxygen percentages different from those of air.
• Mixed Gas: Dives where the bottom gas used for the dive is a combination of oxygen, nitrogen, and helium (or other inert gas), or any other breathing gas combination not classified as air or nitrox.

Diving Mode:

• Open Circuit SCUBA: Dives where the breathing gas is inhaled from a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus and all of the exhaled gas leaves the breathing loop.
• Surface Supplied: Dives where the breathing gas is supplied from the surface by means of a pressurized umbilical hose. The umbilical generally consists of a gas supply hose, strength member, pneumofathometer hose, and communication line. The umbilical supplies a helmet or full-face mask. The diver may rely on the tender at the surface to monitor the divers’ depth, time and diving profile.
• Hookah: While similar to Surface Supplied in that the breathing gas is supplied from the surface by means of a pressurized hose, the supply hose does not require a strength member, pneumofathometer hose, or communication line. Hookah equipment may be as simple as a long hose attached to a standard scuba cylinder supplying a standard scuba second stage. The diver is responsible for monitoring his/her own depth, time, and diving profile.
• Rebreathers: Dives where the breathing gas is repeatedly recycled in a breathing loop. The breathing loop may be fully closed or semi-closed. Note: A rebreather dive ending in an open circuit bailout is still logged as a rebreather dive.

Decompression Planning and Calculation Method:

• Dive Tables
• Dive Computer
• PC Based Decompression Software

Depth Ranges:
Depth ranges for sorting logged dives are: 0-30, 31-60, 61-100, 101-130, 131-150, 151-190, 191-250, 251-300, and 301->. Depths are in feet seawater (when measured in meters: 0-10, >10-30, >30-40, >40-45, >45-58, >58-76, >76-92, and >92->). A dive is logged to the maximum depth reached during the dive. Note: Only “The Number of Dives Logged” and “The Number of Divers Logging Dives” will be collected for this category.

Specialized Environments:

• Required Decompression: Any dive where the diver exceeds the no-decompression limit of the decompression planning method being employed.
• Overhead Environments: Any dive where the diver does not have direct access to the surface due to a physical obstruction.
• Blue Water Diving: Openwater diving where the bottom is generally greater than 200 feet deep and requires the use of multiple-tethers diving techniques.
• Ice and Polar Diving: Any dive conducted under ice or in polar conditions. Note: An Ice Dive would also be classified as an Overhead Environment dive.
• Saturation Diving: Excursion dives conducted as part of a saturation mission are to be logged by “classification”, “mode”, “gas”, etc. The “surface” for these excursions is defined as leaving and surfacing within the Habitat. Time spent within the Habitat or chamber must not be logged by AAUS.
• Aquarium: An aquarium is a shallow, confined body of water, which is operated by or under the control of an institution and is used for the purposes of specimen exhibit, education, husbandry, or research (Not a swimming pool).

Incident Types:

• Hyperbaric: Decompression Sickness, AGE, or other barotrauma requiring recompression therapy.
• Barotrauma: Barotrauma requiring medical attention from a physician or medical facility, but not requiring recompression therapy.
• Injury: Any non-barotrauma injury occurring during a dive that requires medical attention from a physician or medical facility.
• Illness: Any illness requiring medical attention that can be attributed to diving.
• Near Drowning/ Hypoxia: An incident where a person asphyxiates to the minimum point of unconsciousness during a dive involving a compressed gas. But the person recovers.
• Hyperoxic/Oxygen Toxicity: An incident that can be attributed to the diver being exposed to too high a partial pressure of oxygen.
• Hypercapnea: An incident that can be attributed to the diver being exposed to an excess of carbon dioxide.
• Fatality: Any death accruing during a dive or resulting from the diving exposure.
• Other: An incident that does not fit one of the listed incident types

Incident Classification Rating Scale:

• Minor: Injuries that the OM considers being minor in nature. Examples of this classification of incident would include, but not be limited to:
• Mask squeeze that produced discoloration of the eyes.
• Lacerations requiring medical attention but not involving moderate or severe bleeding.
• Other injuries that would not be expected to produce long term adverse effects on the diver’s health or diving status.
• Moderate: Injuries that the OM considers being moderate in nature. Examples of this classification would include, but not be limited to:
• DCS symptoms that resolved with the administration of oxygen, hyperbaric treatment given as a precaution.
• DCS symptoms resolved with the first hyperbaric treatment.
• Broken bones.
• Torn ligaments or cartilage.
• Concussion.
• Ear barotrauma requiring surgical repair.
• Serious: Injuries that the OM considers being serious in nature. Examples of this classification would include, but not be limited to:
• Arterial Gas Embolism.
• DCS symptoms requiring multiple hyperbaric treatment.
• Near drowning.
• Oxygen Toxicity.
• Hypercapnea.
• Spinal injuries.
• Heart attack.
• Fatality.