The Paideia Project: Proceedings of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy

Throughout the Twentieth Century, international or world congresses of philosophy have been convened on average every five years. They were organized originally by a Permanent Committee for International Philosophy Congresses, but have been sponsored by the Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Philosophie (FISP) since 1948. The final congress of the century was held in Boston, Massachusetts, from August 10-15, 1998.

The Congress theme, Paideia: Philosophy Educating Humanity, is a topic that can be addressed creatively by the philosophical traditions of the great world civilizations. The Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy was a showcase of the highest standards of philosophic thought, emphasizing the representation and interchange of ideas from the wide range of the world's philosophical traditions and movements.

Editorial Board: Jaakko Hintikka, Robert Neville, Alan Olson, and Ernest Sosa
Executive Editor: Alan Olson
Managing Editor: Stephen Dawson
Associate Editors: Mark Gedney, Kevin Stoehr
Assistant Editors: Helena Gourko, Georgia Maheras, Mark Mann, Brian McDonald, Angie Turek and Amos Yong

Titles in the series:

• Volume I: Ethics
• Volume II: Metaphysics
• Volume III: Philosophy of Education
• Volume IV: Philosophy of Religion and Art
• Volume V: Epistemology
• Volume VI: Analytic Philosophy and Logic
• Volume VII: Modern Philosophy
• Volume VIII: Contemporary Philosophy
• Volume IX: Philosophy of Mind
• Volume X: Philosophy of Science
• Volume XI: Social and Political Philosophy
• Volume XII: Intercultural Philosophy

Master Volume Index

Volume I: Ethics

Editor: Klaus Brinkmann

1. Felicia Ackerman. "Death, Dying, and Dignity"
2. Robin Attfield. " Depth, Trusteeship and Redistribution"
3. Dan Brock. "Ethical Issues in the Construction of Cost-Effectiveness Analyses for the Priorization and Rationing of Health Care"
4. Jonathan Dancy. "Can a Particularist Learn the Difference Between Right and Wrong?"
5. Stephen Darwell. "Why Ethics is Part of Philosophy: A Plea for Philosophical Ethics"
6. John Martin Fischer. "The Value of Moral Responsibility"
7. Jorge L.A. Garcia. "Beyond Biophobic Medical Ethics"
8. Bernard Gert. "Morality and Health Care Policy"
9. Russell Hardin. "Ethics of Big Science"
10. Gilbert Harman. "Moral Knowledge and Linguistics"
11. Matti Hayry and Tuija Takala. " Biotechnology and the Environment: From Moral Objections to Ethical Analyses"
12. Virginia Held. " Feminist Ethical Theory"
13. Alasdair MacIntyre. "Moral Pluralism without Moral Relativism"
14. Ricardo Maliandi. " Principios de equidad discursiva"
15. John Passmore. " Philosophy and Ecology"
16. Holmes Rolston III. " Nature and Culture in Environmental Ethics"
17. Stuart Rosenbaum. " Moral Theory and the Reflective Life"
18. Walter P. Sinnott-Armstrong. " Explanation and Justification in Moral Epistemology"
19. Gunnar Skirbekk. " Discourse-Ethical Gradualism: Beyond Antropocentrism and Biocentrism?"
20. Michael Slote. " Moral Theories and Virtue Ethics"
21. So Hung-yul. "Pluralism and the Moral Mind"
22. Margarita M. Valdes. "Practical Ethics and Moral Objectivism"

Volume II: Metaphysics

Editor: Tom Rockmore

1. Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya. " On the Ways of Knowing What is There: Being and Knowing"
2. Arda Denkel. " Transcience and Identity"
3. Fred Dretske. " Mental Causation"
4. Robert Greenberg. "The Ontology of Kant’s Theory of Knowledge"
5. Ludger Honnenfelder. "Reconsidering the Tradition of Metaphysics—The Medieval Example (Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, William Ockham)"
6. Robert Kane. "New Directions on Free Will"
7. Sharon Kaye. "Russell, Strawson, and William of Ockham"
8. Brian Leftow. " Aquinas on the Infinite"
9. Brian Loar. "Should the Explanatory Gap Perplex Us?"
10. E. Jonathan Lowe. " Abstraction, Properties, and Immanent Realism"
11. Robert Cummings Neville. "Eternity and the Time of Education"
12. Philip Percival. " Chance Events: Some Contasting Explanations"
13. Herman Philipse. " The Problem of Reinterpreting the "Esistentiala": Heidegger's Grand (Pascalian) Strategy"
14. Jay Rosenberg. " How Not to Be Systematic: Three Case Studies"
15. David-Hillel Rubin. " Actions and Their Parts"
16. Peter M. Simons. " Does the Sun Exist? The Problem of Vague Objects"
17. Beth J. Singer. " Philosophic Systems and Systematic Philosophy"
18. Saul Smilansky. "Free Will: The Positive Role of Illusion"
19. Loretta Torrago. "Vagueness and Identity"
20. Robert van Gulick. "Taking a Step Back from the Gap"
21. Peter Van Inwagen. "Meta-ontology: A Brief Introduction"
22. Roger Wertheimer. "Identity Syntax"
23. John F. Wippel. "Thomas Aquinas, Siger of Brabant, and Their Use of Avicenna in Clarifying the Subject of Metaphysics"

Volume III: Philosophy of Education

Editor: David Steiner

1. Margaret Chatterjee. "Global Agenda for Teaching Philosophy"
2. Catherine Z. Elgin. "Education and Understanding"
3. David Evans. "Global Agenda for Teaching Philosophy"
4. Richard Feldman. "Epistemology, Argumentation and Citizenship"
5. James Garrison. " Philosophy as the General Theory of Critical Education"
6. Mark D. Gedney. "Rousseau’s ‘Émile’: Home-Schooling or Education Behind Closed Doors"
7. Katalin G. Havas. "Learning to Think: Logic for Children"
8. Matthew Lipman. "What's Happening with P4C?"
9. Gareth B. Matthews. "On Valuing Perplexity in Education"
10. Adrian Miroiu. "Changing Patters of Teaching Philosophy"
11. J. C. Nyiri. "Philosophy, Education and the History of Communication"
12. Leon Olive. "Philosophy and the Future of Education: Can Philosophy and Education Still Emancipate Humanity?"
13. Lucius Outlaw. "Philosophical Education and Cultural Diversity"
14. Israel Scheffler. "Some Contributions of Philosophy to Education"
15. John R. Silber. "Philosophy and the Future of Education"
16. Tu Wei-ming. "Self-Cultivation as Education Embodying Humanity"
17. Paul Woodruff. "Paideia and Good Judgment"
18. Wu Kung-ming. "World Inter-Learning: The Global Project of Teaching Philosophy"

Volume IV: Philosophy of Religion and Art

Editor: Kevin Stoehr

1. George Allan. "Forms, Transforms, and the Creative Process"
2. William Alston. "The Distinctiveness of the Epistemology of Religious Belief"
3. Robert Audi. "Ethics and Religion: Philosophical, Psychological, and Political Connections"
4. Guy Axtell. "Courage, Caution, and Heaven's Gate: James's Pragmatic Defence of Religious Belief"
5. Stephen F. Barker. "James's Will to Believe"
6. Peggy Brand. "Glaring Omissions in Traditional Theories of Art"
7. John Clayton. "Humanity Educating Philosophy"
8. Mark DeBellis. "The Paradox of Music Analysis"
9. Gary Gutting. "An Historical Perspective on Religious Epistemology"
10. Gary Iseminger. "The Aesthetic Function of Art"
11. Michael Levine. "The Problem of Evil: Strange Mutations; Strange Solutions"
12. William E. Mann. "Believing Where We Cannot Prove: Duns Scotus on the Necessity of Supernatural Belief"
13. Kai Nielson. "On Being a Secularist All the Way Down"
14. Phillip L. Quinn. "Epistemological Problems of Religious Pluralism"
15. Matti Sintonen. "Creativity and Discovery"
16. Richard G. Swinburne. "God and Evil: Theodicy and God's Right"
17. Charles Taliaferro. "The Ideal Observer's Philosophy of Religion"
18. Merold Westphal. "The Politics of Religious Pluralism"
19. Howard Wettstein. "Transforming the Problem of Evil"
20. Edith Wyschogrod. " The Death of the Sign, the Rise of the Image in Merce Cunningham's Choreography"
21. Keith Yandell. "God, Freedom, and Creation in Cross-Cultural Perspective"

Volume V: Epistemology

Editor: Richard Cobb-Stevens

1. George Bealer. "A Priori Knowledge"
2. Laurence Bon Jour. "Four Theses Concerning A Priori Justification"
3. Bill Brewer. "Self-Knowledge and Externalism"
4. Fernando Broncano. "Reliable Rationality"
5. Albert Casullo. "Is Empiricism Coherent?"
6. Murray Clarke. "Reliabilism and the Meliorative Project"
7. Martin Davies. "Self-Knowledge, Armchair Knowledge, and Knowledge by Inference"
8. Keith DeRose. [Title Unavailable]
9. Richard Foley. "The Conditions and Justification of Belief"
10. Richard Fumerton. "Relational, Non-Relational, and Mixed Theories of Experience"
11. Alvin Goldman. "Veritistic Social Epistemology"
12. John Greco. "Skepticism, Reliabilism and Virtue Epistemology"
13. Eli Hirsch. "Objectivity Without Objects"
14. Christopher Hookway. "Virtues, Sentiments, and Epistemic Rationality"
15. Peter D. Klein. "Why Not Infinitism?"
16. Brian P. McLaughlin. "Sensory Qualities and Perception"
17. Paul K. Moser. "Skepticism, Question Begging, and Burden Shifting"
18. Ilka Niiniluoto. "Is It Rational to Be Rational?"
19. Michael John Pendlebury. "Perception and Objective Knowledge"
20. Tom Rockmore. "Knowledge as Historical"
21. Kevin L. Stoehr. "The Virtues of Circular Reasoning"
22. Vyachevslav Stepin. "Knowledge as Cultural and Historical Systems"
23. Michael Williams. [Not Yet Confirmed]
24. Linda Zagzebski. "From Reliabilism to Virtue Epistemology"

Volume VI: Analytic Philosophy and Logic

Editor: Akihiro Kanamori

1. Daniel Andler. "The Undefinability of Analytic Philosophy"
2. Donald Baxter. "A Humean Temporal Logic"
3. Joao Branquinho. "On the Individuation of Fregean Propositions"
4. Osvaldo Chateaubriand. "Logical Forms"
5. Donald Davidson. [Not Yet Confirmed]
6. Burton Dreben. [Not Yet Confirmed]
7. Luciano Floridi. "Mathematical Skepticism: The Cartesian Approach"
8. Manuel Garcia-Carpintero. "Token-Reflexivity and Indirect Discourse"
9. Dan Goldstick. "Correspondence"
10. Bob Hale. " Reals By Abstraction"
11. Jaakko Hintikka. "What is True and What is False About So-called Theories of Truth"
12. Terry Horgan. "Facing Up to the Sorites Paradox"
13. John Perry. [Not Yet Confirmed]
14. Phillip L. Peterson. "Fact/Proposition/Event Individuation"
15. Lorenz B. Puntel. "What Does '...is True' ('It is True...') Express?"
16. Willard V.O. Quine. "The Pre-Established Harmony of Subjective Perceptual Similarity"
17. Mark Sainsbury. "Empty Names"
18. Gabriel Sandu. "Partiality and Truth"
19. Stephen Schiffer. "Pleonastic Fregeanism"
20. Stewart Shapiro. "Set-Theoretic Foundations"
21. Mark Steiner. [Not Yet Confirmed]
22. Roger Wertheimer. "The Synonymy Antinomy"
23. Tim Williamson. "Semantic Paradox and Semantic Change"
24. George Wilson. "Satisfaction Through the Ages"

Volume VII: Modern Philosophy

Editor: Mark Gedney

1. Robert Merrihew Adams. " Leibniz's Conception of Religion"
2. Henry Allison. " Kant's Conception of Enlightenment"
3. Michael Ayers. " Can There be a New Empiricism?"
4. Klaus Brinkmann. " System and History in Hegel"
5. Harold I. Brown. " Berkeley on the Conceivability of Qualities and Material Objects"
6. John Carriero. [Not Yet Confirmed]
7. Edwin Curley. [Not Yet Confirmed]
8. Georges Dicker. " Regularity, Conditionality, and Asymmetry in Causation"
9. Simone Goyard-Fabre. " Les Lumieres et leur heritage"
10. Guy Haarscher. [Not Yet Confirmed]
11. Paulin Hountondji. " Les yeux du village: signification des "lumieres" dans l'Afrique d'aujourd'hui"
12. Zeljko Loparic. " Is the Enlightenment an Outdated Program?"
13. Jitendra Mohanty. [Not Yet Confirmed]
14. Jose Paulo Monteiro. " Hume's Empiricism and the Rationality of Induction"
15. Hans Poser. " Leibniz's Proposals for Language Societies as a Means of Enlightenment"
16. Robert Sleigh. "Faith and Reason in the Philosophy of Leibniz"
17. David Woodruff Smith. " Ontological Phenomenology"
18. Robert Sokolowski. " Transcendental Phenomenology"
19. Morton White. "The Ideas of the Enlightenment and Their Legacy"
20. Kenneth P. Winkler. " After Empiricism"
21. John Woods. " Hasty Generalization"

Volume VIII: Contemporary Philosophy

Editor: Daniel Dahlstrom

1. Linda Alcoff. [Not Yet Confirmed]
2. Louise Antony. " Situating Feminist Epistemology"
3. Michael Bentley. [Not Yet Confirmed]
4. James Campbell. " Dewey's Foundations"
5. Peter Caws. " Temporary Necessities and Permanent Possibilities: Structuralism and Poststructuralism"
6. Daniel Dennett. " Postmodernism and Truth"
7. Steven Fuller. " The Truth About Science in the Postmodern Condition: An Answer to Dennett's 'Postmodernism and Truth'"
8. Rodolphe Gasche. "Specters of Nietzsche"
9. Cheryl Hall. " Feminism's Essential Eros"
10. Sally Haslanger. "Defining Knowledge: Feminist Values and Normative Epistemology"
11. Larry A. Hickman. " What Was Dewey's "Magic Number"?"
12. Risto Hilpinen. " Pragmatism and the Principle of Knowability"
13. Dale Jacquette. "The Deconstruction Debacle in Theory and Practice"
14. Hans Lenk. "Outline of a Systematic Schema of Interpretation"
15. Raymond Martin. "Narration, Objectivity, and Methodological Truth"
16. C. Behan McCullagh. "The Structure and Objectivity of Historical Narratives"
17. Marilyn Myerson. " Feminist Approaches to Sexology"
18. Helmut Pape. " The Unity of Classical Pragmatism: Its Scope and its Limits"
19. Tom Rockmore. "Recent Analytic Philosophy and Idealism"
20. Sandra B. Rosenthal. " Pragmatism: What's in a Name"
21. John R. Silber. "Post-Enlightenment Fads in Contemporary Philosophy"
22. Natalie Stoljar. " The Politics of Identity and the Metaphysics of Diversity: Conceptions of Essentialism in Feminist Philosophy"
23. Georg Henrik von Wright. " Philosophy--A guide for the Perplexed?"
24. Stephen Watson. " "Post-Structuralism" and the Despensation of the Good: A Reinterpretation of Levinas"
25. Special Library of Living Philosophers Roundtable [Not Yet Confirmed]

Volume IX: Philosophy of Mind and Philosophy of Psychology

Editor: Bernard Elevitch

1. Lynn Rudder Baker. "What Am I?"
2. Josep E. Corbi and Josep L. Prades. "Mental Contents, Tracking Counterfactuals, and Implementing Mechanisms"
3. Michael DePaul. "Character Traits, Virtues and Vices: Are There None?"
4. Jesus Ezquerro. [Not Yet Confirmed]
5. James H. Fetzer. "Computing is at Best a Special Kind of Thinking"
6. Adolph Gruenbaum. "Does Freudian Theory Resolve "The Paradoxes of Irrationality"?"
7. Olbeth Hansberg. "The Role of Emotions in Moral Psychology"
8. Ted Honderich. "Consciousness as Existence Again"
9. Pierre Jacob. "Can Selection Explain Content?"
10. Jaegwon Kim. "Causality and the Mind-Body Problem"
11. Mark Leon. "Believing Autonomously"
12. Diana Tietjens Meyers. " Authenticity for Real People"
13. Ruth Millikan. "Naturalizing Intentionality"
14. James Moor. "Why Thinking Must Be Computation of the Right Kind"
15. Carlos J. Moya. "A Proposal About Intentional Action"
16. John L. Pollock. "Rationality in Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence"
17. Joelle Proust. [Not Yet Confirmed]
18. David Rosenthal. "The Kinds of Consciousness"
19. John Searle. [Not Yet Confirmed]
20. Sydney Shoemaker. "Realization and Mental Causation"
21. Stephen Yablo. "The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Thinkers"

Volume X: Philosophy of Science

Editor: Tian Yu Cao

1. Evandro Agazzi. "Science and Humanities in the New Paideia"
2. Daniel Bonevac. "Defeasibly Sufficient Reason"
3. Robert S. Cohen. [Not Yet Confirmed]
4. Alberto Cordero. "Physics and the Underdetermination Thesis: Some Lessons from Quantum Theory"
5. Marcelo Dascal. [Not Yet Confirmed]
6. John Earman. "Foundations Problems in Einstein's General Theory of Relativity"
7. Eduardo H. Flischman. " La Dinamica de Newton, Kuhn, y la Inconmensurabilidad"
8. Bruce Glymour and Marcelo Sabates. " Micro-Level Indeterminism and Macro-Level Determinism"
9. Vladislav A. Lektorsky. "Scientific Knowledge as Historical and Cultural Phenomenon"
10. Barry Loewer. [Not Yet Confirmed]
11. Jesus Mosterin. "Self-Consciousness and the Cosmic Consciousness"
12. Carlos Ulises Moulines. "Ontology, Reduction, and the Unity of Science"
13. Gary S. Rosenkrantz. "What is Life?"
14. Michael Ruse. "Reduction in Biology"
15. Esa Saarinen. [Not Yet Confirmed]
16. Lawrence Sklar. "What is an Isolated System?"
17. Barry Smith. "On Forms of Communication"
18. Elliot R. Sober. "Instrumentalism Revisited"
19. Miriam Solomon. "Consensus in Science"
20. Ryszard Wojcicki. "What Do We Know?"

Volume XI: Social and Political Philosophy

Editor: David Rasmussen

1. Pierre Aubenque. [Not Yet Confirmed]
2. Karl-Otto Apel. " May a Political Conception of Overlapping Consensus be an Adequate Basis for Global Justice?"
3. Thomas R. Flynn. [Not Yet Confirmed]
4. Peter A. French. "The Meaning of Democracy: A Western Perspective"
5. Newton Garver. "Politics and Anti-Politics"
6. Margaret Gilbert. "Sociality, Unity, Objectivity"
7. Jonathan L. Gorman. "Justice and Toleration: A Western Perspective"
8. Jorge J.E. Gracia. "Philosophy in American Public Life: De facto and De jure"
9. Sirkku Kristiina Hellsten. "Communitarianism and Western Thought"
10. Robert L. Holmes. "A Western Perspective on the Problem of Violence"
11. Ionna Kuçuradi. " Paideia as the Subjective Condition for a Sagacious Implementation of Human Rights"
12. Keith Lehrer. "Individualism versus Communitarianism: A Consensual Compromise"
13. Gabriel Vargas Lozano. "Liberal Democracy and Radical Democracy: The Two Faces of Janus"
14. Neil MacCormick. " Rhetoric and the Rule of Law"
15. Rex Martin. "Rawls on Constitutional Consensus and the Probability of Stability"
16. William McBride. "Consumerist Cultural Hegemony Within a Cosmopolitan Order--Why Not?"
17. John Perry. [Not Yet Confirmed]
18. Eduardo Robossi. "Paideia, Social Justice, Human Rights"
19. James P. Sterba. "Reconciling Public Reason and Religious Values"
20. Olufemi Taiwo. "On the Limits of Law at Century's End"
21. Raimo Tuomela. "Collective Acceptance and Social Reality"

Volume XII: Intercultural Philosophy

Editor: David Eckel

1. Yoko Arisaka. "Japanese Buddhist Philosophy"
2. Natalia Avtonomova. "On the (Re)creation of Russian Philosophical Language"
3. Arindam Chakrabarti. "Indian Orthodox Traditions"
4. Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya. "Communitarianism From An Eastern Perspective"
5. Cheng Chung-ying. "Classical Chinese Philosophy"
6. Cheng Chung-ying. "The Philosophy of Violence from an Eastern Perspective"
7. Emmanuel Eze. "Democracy in Today's Africa: A Philosopher's Point of View"
8. Jay Garfield. "Buddhism and Democracy"
9. Barry Hallen. "African Perspectives on Aesthetics"
10. Chad Hansen. "The Attraction of Dao: How Chinese Thought Works"
11. Andrzej Kaniowski. "The Impact of Globalization Procedures on Debates about Democracy in Poland and Eastern Europe"
12. Safro Kwame. " Philosophy and Social Justice: African Perspective"
13. Lee Kwang-sae. "Justice from an Eastern Perspective: Field and Focus"
14. Dismas A. Masolo. "Communitarianism: An African Perspective"
15. Robert Cummings Neville. "Humanity and the Natural World: Reconceiving Knowing, Learning, Living"
16. Guy Newland. "Tibetan Buddhist Philosophy"
17. James P. Scanlan. "Main Currents of Post-Soviet Philosophy in Russia"
18. Vyachevslav Stepin. "Knowledge as Cultural and Historical System"
19. Edward M. Swiderski. "Stopping Short of or Going Beyong Philosophizing?"
20. Evert van der Zweerde. "The Normalization of the History of Philosophy in Post-Soviet Russian Philosophical Culture"
21. Hossein Ziai. "Democracy from an Islamic Standpoint"

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